Язык – путешественник.
Путь на Северо-Запад. Современные варианты английского языка.
Из этого следует, что
ИРЛАНДСКИЙ Gaeilde [‘ge:ld з ə],
УЭЛЬСКИЙ Cymru ,
ВАЛЛИЙСКИЙ Walz ,
ШОТЛАНДСКИЙ Scottish Gaelic ,
ДРЕВНЕАНГЛИЙСКИЙ Anglo-saxon и (!) СОТНИ других диалектов…
… вложили, словно в золотую кубышку всего хода своего исторического развития, все свои лингвистические особенности в английский Британский.
Как бы то ни было, но сложившийся к концу XVI столетия язык Британских островов (2 крупнейших и около 5000 больших и малых) сыграл немаловажную роль в развитии современной цивилизации.
А всё началось с того, что англичане были заядлыми путешественниками и мореходами.
Каравеллы английского флота бороздили все океаны Земли с незапамятных времен с различными целями:
и, даже:
- пиратскими (поживиться чем придётся).
Это были переселенцы, жизнь которых стала невыносимой из-за религиозных разногласий с обществом.
Через 67 дней опасного путешествия «отцы-пилигримы» достигли долгожданных берегов и основали первое поселение.
… словообразовании и во всём лингвистическом строе, что сегодня ученые-лингвисты почти единогласно признают английский американский, как самодостаточный и самый распространенный вариант английского языка в мире.
В обиходном хождении языков мы можем отметить различия в значении слов, с которыми нам чаще всего приходится сталкиваться, например:
Американский/Английский:
apartment – flat (квартира);
auto – car (автомобиль);
baby bad – cot (детская кроватка);
baggage – luggage (багаж)
billion – milliard (миллиард);
broil – grill (жарить);
corn – maize (кукуруза);
dessert – pudding (десерт, сладкое).
Ближайшими соседями по географическому расположению и ближе всего по языку является Канада.
Английский язык вместе с британскими купцами и рыбаками, которых нанимала компания Гудзонова залива, добрался до более северных широт американского материка.
Английский канадский совмещает в себе традиции британского английского, американского английского и других языков, среди которых выделяется французский язык и автохонные (местные) языки.
Возникновение отдельного государства привело к формированию национального самосознания и отдельного варианта английского языка.
Различие с американским английским в основном заключается в произношении. Например, канадцы буквосочетания OU и OW произносят как вместо британского .
58% населения Канады считают английский язык и канадский разными языками.
Лингвисты считают, что даже на территории Канады английский канадский имеет различия в разных регионах.
THANK YOU!
До встречи в Австралии и на Новозеландских островах.
История Диалект разновидность языка, которая употребляется как средство общения между людьми, связанными между собой одной территорией. Диалект является полноценной системой речевого общения (устной или знаковой, но не обязательно письменной) со своим собственным словарём и грамматикой.
ОСОБЕННОСТИ РЕЧИ Пропуск звука [h]. Например, «not alf» вместо «not half». Использование «aint» вместо «isnt» или «am not». Произношение звука [θ] как [f] (например, «faasnd» вместо «thousand») и [ð] как (v) (например, «bover» вместо «bother»). Превращение в [æ ː ], например, «down» произносится как . Использование рифмованного сленга. Например, «feet» «plates of meat», вместо «head» «loaf of bread»; иногда такие словосочетания сокращаются, образуя новое слово: «loaf» вместо «loaf of bread». (" Rarely using his loaf of bread ") Пропуск [t] между гласными: bottle = «бол». Использование вместо [r] - [ ʋ ], на слух напоминающего [w]. («Weally» вместо «really») Пропуск звука [t] на конце слова, пример: [ ʃ ui] вместо [ ʃ a ɪ t].
ЛИТЕРАТУРА И КИНО Известный фильм-мюзикл «Моя прекрасная леди» (My fair Lady), снятый по мотивам пьесы Бернарда Шоу «Пигмалион» демонстрирует, как профессор Хиггинс учит цветочницу, представительницу кокни, Элизабет Дулиттл знатной манере произношения, чтобы в высшем свете её приняли за свою.
Rhyming slang ЗначениеПример Adam and Eve BelieveWould you Adam and Eve it? Alligator LaterSee you later alligator. Apples and Pears StairsGet up those apples to bed! Army and Navy GravyPass the army, will you? Bacon and Eggs LegsShe has such long bacons. Barnet Fair HairI"m going to have my barnet cut. Bees and Honey MoneyHand over the bees. Biscuits and Cheese KneesOoh! What knobbly biscuits! Bull and Cow RowWe don"t have to have a bull about it. Butcher"s Hook LookI had a butchers at it through the window. Cobbler"s Awls BallsYou"re talking cobblers! Crust of Bread HeadUse your crust, lad. Daffadown Dilly SillyShe"s a bit daffy. Hampton Wick PrickYou"re getting on my wick! Khyber Pass ArseStick that up your Khyber. Loaf of Bread HeadThink about it; use your loaf. Mince Pies EyesWhat beautiful minces. Oxford Scholar DollarCould you lend me an Oxford? Pen and Ink StinkPooh! It pens a bit in here. Rabbit and Pork TalkI don"t know what she"s rabbiting about. Raspberry Tart FartI can smell a raspberry. Scarpa Flow GoScarpa! The police are coming! Trouble and Strife WifeThe trouble"s been shopping again. Uncle Bert ShirtI"m ironing my Uncle. Weasel and Stoat CoatWhere"s my weasel?
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ Региональные диалекты в Британии пользуются огромной популярностью и культурной значимостью и порою играют важную роль. Диалект Кокни, как и другие диалекты, имеет свои особенности, которые необходимо знать да бы полноценно понимать англоязычную речь.
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DIALECT: GENERAL IDEA The term dialect (from the Greek word dialektos, Διάλεκτος) is used in two distinct ways, even by linguists. One usage refers to a variety of a language that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language"s speakers. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as social class. A dialect that is associated with a particular social class can be termed a sociolect; a regional dialect may be termed a regiolect or topolect. The other usage refers to a language socially subordinate to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate to the standard, but not a variety of it or in any other sense derived from it. This more precise usage enables distinguishing between varieties of a language, such as the French spoken in Nice, France, and local languages distinct from the superordinate language, e.g. Nissart, the traditional native Romance language of Nice, known in French as Niçard.
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Standard and non-standard dialect A standard dialect (also known as a standardized dialect or "standard language") is a dialect that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation; presentation as being the "correct" form of a language in schools; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a "correct" spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature that employs that dialect (prose, poetry, non-fiction, etc.). There may be multiple standard dialects associated with a single language. For example, Standard American English, Standard Canadian English, Standard Indian English, Standard Australian English, and Standard Philippine English may all be said to be standard dialects of the English language.
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"Dialect" or "language" There is no universally accepted criterion for distinguishing a language from a dialect. A number of rough measures exist, sometimes leading to contradictory results. Some linguists do not differentiate between languages and dialects, i.e. languages are dialects and vice versa. The distinction is therefore subjective and depends on the user"s frame of reference. Note also that the terms are not always treated as mutually exclusive; there is not necessarily anything contradictory in the statement that "the language of the Pennsylvania Dutch is a dialect of German". However, the term dialect always implies a relation between languages: if language X is called a dialect, this implies that the speaker considers X a dialect of some other language Y, which then usually is some standard language.
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"Dialect" or "language" Language varieties are often called dialects rather than languages: if they have no standard or codified form, if the speakers of the given language do not have a state of their own, if they are rarely or never used in writing (outside reported speech), if they lack prestige with respect to some other, often standardised, variety.
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"Dialect" or "language" Anthropological linguists define dialect as the specific form of a language used by a speech community. In other words, the difference between language and dialect is the difference between the abstract or general and the concrete and particular. From this perspective, everyone speaks a dialect. Those who identify a particular dialect as the "standard" or "proper" version of a language are in fact using these terms to express a social distinction. Often, the standard language is close to the sociolect of the elite class.
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"Dialect" or "language" The status of language is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development. Romansh came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects. An opposite example is the case of Chinese, whose variations such as Mandarin and Cantonese are often called dialects and not languages, despite their mutual unintelligibility, because the word for them in Mandarin, 方言 fāngyán, was mistranslated as "dialect" because it meant "regional speech“.
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH Southern Southern English engages in r-dropping, that is, r"s are not pronounced after vowels, unless followed by another vowel. Instead, vowels are lengthened or have an /"/ off-glide, so fire becomes /fai"/, far becomes /fa:/, and so on. regular use of "broad a" (/a:/), where GA (General American) would use /æ/. "long o" is pronounced /"u/, where GA uses /ou/. final unstressed i is pronounced /i/, where GA uses /i:). t between vowels retained as /t/ (or a glottal stop, in its variants), where GA changes it to /d/. The English of well-bred Londoners, especially graduates of the public schools (e.g. Eton and Harrow) and "Oxbridge" universities, was the origin of "the Queen"s English," also known as Received Pronunciation (RP), BBC, or "posh."
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH have a butchers -- take a look north and south -- mouth plates -- feet boat race -- face skin and blister -- sister trouble -- wife dustbin lids -- kids / children whistle -- suit oily rag -- fag = cigarette jam jar -- car mince pies -- eyes pen and ink -- stink porkies -- lies titfer -- hat apples and pears -- stairs Jimmy -- urinate Bertie Woofter -- gay man China -- mate / friend Khyber -- buttocks rabbit and pork -- talk tea leaf -- thief taters -- cold dog and bone -- phone loaf -- head
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH initial h is dropped, so house becomes /aus/ (or even /a:s/). /th/ and /dh/ become /f/ and /v/ respectively: think > /fingk/, brother > /brœv"/. t between vowels becomes a glottal stop: water > /wo?i/. diphthongs change, sometimes dramatically: time > /toim/, brave > /braiv/, etc. brown bread -- dead elbows and knees -- trees gold watch -- Scotch pride and joy -- boy current bun -- Sun dicky -- shirt pots and pans -- hands jugs -- ears ones and twos -- shoes daisies -- boots bird -- prison (from Kryss Katsiavriades at http://www.krysstal.com/cockney.html)
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH Estuary English From London down the Thames and into Essex, Sussex, and even Kent, a new working and middle class dialect has evolved and is rapidly become "the" southern dialect. It combines some of the characteristics of Cockney with RP, but makes much less use of Cockney slang.
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH East Midlands The dialect of the East Midlands, once filled with interesting variations from county to county, is now predominantly RP. R"s are dropped, but h"s are pronounced. The only signs that differentiate it from RP: ou > u: (so go becomes /gu:/). RP yu; becomes u: after n, t, d... as in American English. The West Country r"s are not dropped. initial s often becomes z (singer > zinger). initial f often becomes v (finger > vinger). vowels are lengthened.
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH Lancashire This dialect, spoken north and east of Liverpool, has the southern habit of dropping r"s. Other features: /œ/ > /u/, as in luck (/luk/). /ou/ > /oi/, as in hole (/hoil/) Scouse is the very distinctive Liverpool accent, a version of the Lancashire dialect, that the Beatles made famous. the tongue is drawn back. /th/ and /dh/ > /t/ and /d/ respectively. final k sounds like the Arabic q. for is pronounced to rhyme with fur.
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH Yorkshire The Yorkshire dialect is known for its sing-song quality, a little like Swedish, and retains its r"s. /œ/ > /u/, as in luck (/luk/). the is reduced to t". initial h is dropped. was > were. still use thou (pronounced /tha/) and thee. aught and naught (pronounced /aut/ or /out/ and /naut/ or /nout/) are used for anything and nothing.
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH Northern The Northern dialect closely resembles the southern-most Scottish dialects. It retains many old Scandinavian words, such as bairn for child, and not only keeps its r"s, but often rolls them. The most outstanding version is Geordie, the dialect of the Newcastle area. -er > /æ/, so father > /fædhæ/. /ou/ > /o:"/, so that boat sounds like each letter is pronounced. talk > /ta:k/ work > /work/ book > /bu:k/ my > me me > us our > wor you plural > youse
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH Wales Welsh English is characterized by a sing-song quality and lightly rolled r"s. It has been strongly influenced by the Welsh language, although it is increasingly influenced today by standard English, due to the large number of English people vacationing and retiring there.
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH Scotland Scotland actually has more variation in dialects than England! The variations do have a few things in common, though, besides a large particularly Scottish vocabulary: rolled r"s. "pure" vowels (/e:/ rather than /ei/, /o:/ rather than /ou/) /u:/ is often fronted to /ö/ or /ü/, e.g. boot, good, muin (moon), poor...
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH There are several "layers" of Scottish English. Most people today speak standard English with little more than the changes just mentioned, plus a few particular words that they themselves view as normal English, such as to jag (to prick) and burn (brook). In rural areas, many older words and grammatical forms, as well as further phonetic variations, still survive, but are being rapidly replaced with more standard forms. But when a Scotsman (or woman) wants to show his pride in his heritage, he may resort to quite a few traditional variations in his speech. First, the phonetics:
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH /oi/, /ai/, and final /ei/ > /"i/, e.g. oil, wife, tide... final /ai/ > /i/, e.g. ee (eye), dee (die), lee (lie)... /ou/ > /e/, e.g. ake (oak), bate (boat), hame (home), stane (stone), gae (go)... /au/ > /u/, e.g. about, house, cow, now... (often spelled oo or u) /o/ > /a:/, e.g. saut (salt), law, aw (all)... /ou/ > /a:/, e.g. auld (old), cauld (cold), snaw (snow)... /æ/ > /a/, e.g. man, lad, sat... also: pronounce the ch"s and gh"s that are silent in standard English: nicht, licht, loch...
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH And finally, the many unique words: lass, bairn (child), kirk (church), big (build), bonny, greet (weep), ingle (household fire), aye (yes), hame (home)... As you can see, Scottish English in its original glory is as near to being different language as one can get, rather than simply another dialect of English. See Clive P L Young"s Scots Haunbuik at http://www.electricscotland.com/tourist/sh_gram.htm for more detail. There are also several urban dialects, particularly in Glasgow and Edinburgh. The thick dialect of the working class of Edinburgh can be heard in the movie Trainspotting. In the Highlands, especially the Western Islands, English is often people"s second language, the first being Scottish Gaelic. Highland English is pronounced in a lilting fashion with pure vowels. It is, actually, one of the prettiest varieties of English one may ever hear.
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THE DIALECTS OF BRITISH ENGLISH English was imposed upon the Irish, but they have made it their own and have contributed some of our finest literature. Irish English is strongly influenced by Irish Gaelic: r after vowels is retained "pure" vowels (/e:/ rather than /ei/, /o:/ rather than /ou/) /th/ and /dh/ > /t/ and /d/ respectively.
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NEW ZEALAND New Zealand English is heard by Americans as "Ozzie Light." The characteristics of Australian English are there to some degree, but not as intensely. The effect for Americans is uncertainty as to whether the person is from England or Australia. One clue is that New Zealand English sound "flatter" (less modulated) than either Australian or British English and more like western American English.
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SOUTH AFRICA Here are some examples: i - as in bit is pronounced "uh" long /a:/ in words like "past", "dance" t in middle of words pronounced as d"s ("pretty" becomes "/pridi:/") donga - ditch, from Xhosa dagga - marijuana, from Xhoixhoi (?) kak - bullshit, from Afrikaans fundi - expert, from Xhosa and Zulu umfundi (student).
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Dialects also varies slightly from east to west: In Natal (in western South Africa), /ai/ is pronounced /a:/, so that why is pronounced /wa:/. On top of all this, the dialects of the ethnic group referred to in South Africa as "Coloured" (i.e. of mixed racial backgrounds) have a dialect quite distinct from the dialects of "white" South Africans. Alan also suggests that South African has a "flatter" (less modulated) sound, similar to that of New Zealand as contrasted with Australian English
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CANADA Canadian English is generally similar to northern and western American English. The one outstanding characteristic is called Canadian rising: /ai/ and /au/ become /œi/ and /œu/, respectively. Americans can listen to the newscaster Peter Jennings -- one of the best voices on the telly! -- for these sounds. One unusual characteristic found in much Canadian casual speech is the use of sentence final "eh?" even in declarative sentences. Most Canadians retain r"s after vowels, but in the Maritimes, they drop their r"s, just like their New England neighbors to the south. Newfoundland has a very different dialect, called Newfie, that seems to be strongly influenced by Irish immigrants: /th/ and /dh/ > /t/ and /d/ respectively. am, is, are > be"s I like, we like, etc. > I likes, we likes, etc.
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American English On the other hand, vocabulary in America was much more open to change than back in the old country. From the Indians, we got the names for many North American animals and plants, and thousands of place names. Here is a partial list (from an exhaustive list compiled by Mark Rosenfelder (http://www.zompist.com/indianwd.html): abalone -- Costanoan aulun bayou -- Choctaw bayuk caribou -- Algonquian caucus -- Algonquian caucauasu "counselor" chipmunk -- Algonquian chitmunk hickory -- Algonquian pawcohiccora high muckamuck -- Chinook hiu muckamuck hogan -- Navajo hogan hominy -- Algonquian how -- Dakota háo, Omaha hau moccasin -- Natick mohkussin
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American English moose -- Natick moos mugwump -- Natick mugquomp "captain" muskrat -- Natick musquash + "rat" opossum -- Powhatan aposoum papoose -- Algonquian papoos pecan -- Algonquian paccan persimmon -- Cree pasiminan "dried fruit" potlatch -- Nootka patshatl powwow -- Algonquian raccoon -- Algonquian arathkone sachem -- Narraganset sâchim sasquatch -- Halkomelem sesqec skunk -- Massachuset squnck sockeye -- Salish sukkegh, or Northern Straits Salish seqey" squash -- Massachuset asko:o:tasquash squaw -- Massachuset squa succotash -- Narraganset msíckquatash tepee -- Dakota thipi terrapin -- Algonquian *toolepeiwa toboggan -- Micmac toba:kan tomahawk -- Algonquian tamahaac totem -- Ojibwa ninto:te:m wampum -- Algonquian wampumpeage wapiti -- Shawnee wapiti "white rump" wickiup -- Fox wikiyapi wigwam -- Abnaki wikewam woodchuck -- Algonquian otchek
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American English The slave trade brought many new words from the Caribbean: barbecue -- Carib barbricot caiman -- Carib acayuman canoe -- Caribbean cassava -- Taino caçábi chigger -- Cariban chigo guava -- Caribbean hammock -- Taino hurricane -- Carib huracan "his one leg" iguana -- Arawak iwana maize -- Carib mahiz mangrove -- Taino mangle papaya -- Carib pawpaw -- Carib (same source as papaya) potato -- Taino batata savannah -- Taino zabana tobacco -- Arawak tzibatl
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American English From the Indians of Mexico, we adopted many other words, some through Spanish and others directly: avocado -- Nahuatl ahuacatl chile, chili -- Nahuatl chilli chocolate -- Aztec xocolatl cigar -- Maya sik"ar "smoke" cocoa, cacao -- Nahuatl cacahuatl coyote -- Nahuatl cóyotl guacamole -- Nahuatl ahuaca-molli "avocado sauce" mescal -- Nahuatl mexcalli mesquite -- Nahuatl mizquitl mole -- Nahuatl -molli "sauce" ocelot -- Nahuatl ocelotl peyote -- Nahuatl peyotl shack -- Nahuatl xacalli "thatched cabin" shark -- Maya xoc tamale -- Nahuatl tamalli tomato -- Nahuatl tomatl
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American English From slaves, we got another set of words, all the way from Africa: goober -- Bantu -guba gumbo -- Bantu -gombo "okra" okra -- Ashante nkru yam -- Fulani nyami "to eat" Speaking of slaves, southern speech in particular was influenced by slave speech habits, which in turn were based in part on original African languages and in part on the creoles which spread from the African coast and the West Indies. When southerners say “I done lost it,” they are using a slave creole construction.
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American English Southern and south midland: "drawl" /ai/ > /æ:/ in find, mind /oi/ > /o/ in boil, oil /u:/ > /yu:/ in due, tuesday au/ > /æu/ in out, doubt /e/ > /ei/ in bed, head /e/ > /i/ in pen, ten greasy > greazy carry > tote dragged > drug you > you all, y’all Southern: help, bulb, wolf > /hep/, /bœb/, /wuf/ Southern vs south midland: drop r’s -- strong, sometimes retroflex, r’s wash: /wa:sh/ -- /wosh/, /worsh/ think: /thingk/ -- /theingk/ egg: /eg/ -- /eig/ moon: /mu:n/ -- /mü:n/ snake doctor -- snake feeder snap beans -- green beans goobers -- peanuts
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American English NYC and north midland, and spreading rapidly loss of voiceless w: which > /wic/ loss of voiceless y: human > /yum"n/ A simplified way of differentiating the dialects is based on the words for two American favorites: the submarine sandwich and the soft drink: Submarine sandwich New York: hero Philadelphia: hoagy Boston: grinder Southern: poor-boy Soft drink Boston: tonic Northern and North Midland, east of the Susquehanna: soda Northern and North Midland, west of the Susquehanna: pop South and South Midland: cold drink (not to mention soda pop and soda water, and even coke in Rhode Island!)
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American English The old cities of the eastern US each have their own peculiarities. New York is famous for its addition of central off-glides: pier becomes /pi:"/, pair becomes /pe"/, poor becomes /po"/. The aw (/o/) sound is raised and has a central off-glide as well: ball and coffee approach /bu"l/ and /cu"fi:/! And her becomes /hö"/!
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American English I live in south-central Pennsylvania, which is a great location for hearing various eastern accents. There are actually five in Pennsylvania: In the northern tier, near upstate New York, the accent is Northern. In Pittsburgh and the surrounding area they say /stil/ and /mil/ instead of steel and meal. In the south, near West Virginia, you hear Appalachian, and people still say you’uns and refer to their grandparents as Mammaw and Pappy!. And, in the center of the state is what is called the Susquehanna accent, which is a variation on the Philadelphia area dialect, with a lot of German and Scots-Irish influences. And we can"t forget the Philadelphia accent itself: /i/ often becomes /i:/, as in attitude and gratitude /i:g/ > /ig/, as in the Philadelphia Eagles, pronounced /ig"lz/ /eig/ > /eg/, so plague is prnounced /pleg/ /u:r/ > /or/, so sure sounds the same as shore /aul/ > /al/, e.g. owl /aur/ > /ar/, so our sounds like are mayor > /meir/ /æ/ > /iæ/, so Ann sounds like Ian very and ferry become /vœri:/ and /fœri:/ /st/ > /sht/ at the beginning of words, so street is /shtri:t/ l is always "dark," that is, pronounced in the back of the throat (See Phillyspeak, by Jim Quinn, at http://www.citypaper.net/articles/081497/article008.shtml for more.)
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American English In the Lancaster area (part of the Susquehanna dialect), the Pennsylvania German influence is obvious in some of the words and sentence structure: We red up the room, outen the light, and throw the cow over the fence some hay. We say that the peanut butter is all, the road is slippy, and I read that wunst (once). A slide is a sliding board, sneakers are all Keds, vacuum cleaners are sweepers, little pieces are snibbles, and if you are looking a bit disheveled, you are furhuddled. And at any local restaurant, they will ask you: Can I get you coffee awhile? Dialects typically vary in their status. In the colonial and revolutionary times, a Boston, New York, or Virginia accent marked you as a gentleman or lady. In the early part of the 1900’s, the accent of suburban New York was tops: Listen to the recordings of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, for example. Unlike "General American" (the radio and television reporter’s accent), FDR dropped his r’s and drawled his vowels luxuriously.
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American English General American is a rather innocuous blend of Northern and Northern Midland dialect, with none of the peculiar words or pronounciations of any particular area. Today, the Western dialect has established itself, via the entertainment industry, as equal. Even Southern and Southern Midland English, long scorned by Northerners, have reestablished their status, especially after the presidencies of Jimmy Carter and Bill Clinton. Two dialects are still seen as being substandard by many Americans: Appalachian and Black English. Unlike other dialects, they have considerable grammatical differences that make them sound to the mainstream as simply horrible English. In Appalachia, for example, they say us’ns and you’ns. Both Appalachian dialect and Black English speakers often double negatives (he ain’t got none), double comparatives and superlatives (more bigger, most biggest, gooder, bestest), over-regularize the past tense (stoled or stealed), and over-regularize plurals (mouses, sheeps, childrens). Although the prejudice against people from Appalachia is real enough, the long tradition of prejudice against black Americans has been very difficult to eliminate, and that includes the disrespect accorded Black English. Despite some attempts to consider it another language (the Ebonics movement), it is in fact a variation on the Southern dialect, with input from Gullah and other slave creoles, plus the constant creation of slang, especially in northern urban areas ("the Ghetto").
Welcome to Wales Presented by Peil Uliya Vladimirovna, English teacher , Novotarmansk, Tyumen region
Wales is a part of the United Kingdom and is located in a wide peninsula in the western portion of the island of Great Britain. Wales is surrounded by water on three sides: to the north, the Irish Sea; to the south, the Bristol Channel; and to the west, Saint George"s Channel and Cardigan Bay.
Wales is very mountainous, Snowdonis the highest mountain in Wales and England. The Dee River, with its headwaters in Bala Lake, the largest natural lake in Wales, flows through northern Wales into England. Numerous smaller rivers cover the south, including the Usk, Wye, Teifi, and Towy.
Cardif The Romans settled in Cardiff in 55AD and built a military fort on the site of Cardiff Castle. Cardiff has been transformed into a sporting capital since the completion of the Millennium Stadium, hosting events such as the Six Nations, the FA Cup and the Wales Rally GB. Cardiff became a city in 1905 and was crowned the capital of Wales in 1955 Today, Cardiff has a population of 328,000 and attracts more than 12 million visitors a year Cardiff Castle Millennium Stadium
Symbols of Wales St. David is the patron saint of Wales. He was a monk who lived on bread, water, herbs and leeks and died on March 1, 589 A. D. The leek had been recognized as the emblem of Wales since the middle of the 16th century. St. David It was decided that from 1984, British £1 coins would feature different reverse designs for each of the four parts of the United Kingdom. All £1 coins dated 1985 feature on the reverse the Welsh Leek
The Red Dragon of Wales, although perhaps of Chinese origin, was introduced to Britain by the Romans some eighteen hundred years ago. The daffodil is also a Welsh national emblem because its Welsh name is translated as a type of leek. A favourite souvenir for the tourists is a Welsh love spoon. They are made of wood and are carved very beautifully. Originally, they were made by young men as a love token for their sweethearts. There are many different designs demonstrating the skill and love of the hopefulsuitor. If the girl kept this present, all was well, but if she sent it back, she did not want him.
English and Welsh are the two official languages of Wales. English is the most widely spoken language. Just over 3 million people live in Wales. The majority of people that live in Wales ,live in Southern Wales, while the remaining population lives in Northern Wales. Wales has always been known as a country of music and song.
Since the 12th century we have records of an annual competition (or Eisteddfod in Welsh), which was held to find the best poets, writers and musicians in the country. Originally only professionals took part, but now the Eisteddfod is open to the public and, because all the events are in Welsh, it encourages a strong interest in the Welsh arts.
